Read “Two Views of the Crusades” The Pope Calls on Christians to Wage a Holy War FULCHER OF CHARTRES, From a History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: The Call for Crusade (ca. 1100– 1127) The Frenchman (Frank) Fulcher of Chartres (ca. 1059–1127) was an eyewitness to the First Crusade and its aftermath. He traveled with the crusade across Asia Minor and participated in the siege of Edessa. When his lord, Baldwin I, became king of Jerusalem, Fulcher moved to Jerusalem and probably continued writing until his death. This passage describes Pope Urban II’s call to Christians to go on crusade to the Holy Land, the place where Jesus lived. Fulcher may have been present at this event, but he does not explicitly say so. Frances Rita Ryan, trans., Harold S. Fink, ed., Fulcher of Chartres: A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 61–62, 65–67. The Council Held at Clermont. In the year 1095 after the Incarnation of Our Lord, while Henry the so-called emperor was reigning in Germany and King Philip in France, evils of all kinds multiplied throughout Europe because of vacillating faith. Pope Urban II then ruled in the city of Rome. He was a man admirable in life and habits who strove prudently and vigorously to raise the status of Holy Church ever higher and higher. Moreover he saw the faith of Christendom excessively trampled upon by all, by the clergy as well as by the laity, and peace totally disregarded, for the princes of the lands were incessantly at war quarreling with someone or other. He saw that people stole worldly goods from one another, that many captives were taken unjustly and were most barbarously cast into foul prisons and ransomed for excessive prices, or tormented there by three evils, namely hunger, thirst, and cold, and secretly put to death, that holy places were violated, monasteries and villas consumed by fire, nothing mortal spared, and things human and divine held in derision. When he heard that the interior part of Romania [modern Turkey] had been occupied by the Turks and the Christians subdued by a ferociously destructive invasion, Urban, greatly moved by compassionate piety and by the prompting of God’s love, crossed the mountains and descended into Gaul and caused a council to be assembled in Auvergne at Clermont, as the city is called. This council, appropriately announced by messengers in all directions, consisted of 310 members, bishops as well as abbots carrying the crozier [staff of office]. On the appointed day Urban gathered them around himself and in an eloquent address carefully made known the purpose of the meeting. In the sorrowing voice of a suffering church he told of its great tribulation. He delivered an elaborate sermon concerning the many raging tempests of this world in which the faith had been degraded as was said above. Then as a suppliant he exhorted all to resume the powers of their faith and arouse in themselves a fierce determination to overcome the machinations of the devil, and to try fully to restore Holy Church, cruelly weakened by the wicked, to its honorable status as of old. . . . Urban’s Exhortation Concerning a Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When these and many other matters were satisfactorily settled, all those present, clergy and people alike, spontaneously gave thanks to God for the words of the Lord Pope Urban and promised him faithfully that his decrees would be well kept. But the pope added at once that another tribulation not less but greater than that already mentioned, even of the worst nature, was besetting Christianity from another part of the world. He said, “Since, oh sons of God, you have promised Him to keep peace among yourselves and to faithfully sustain the rights of Holy Church more sincerely than before, there still remains for you, newly aroused by Godly correction, an urgent task which belongs to both you and God, in which you can show the strength of your good will. For you must hasten to carry aid to your brethren dwelling in the East, who need your help for which they have often entreated. “For the Turks, a Persian people, have attacked them, as many of you already know, and have advanced as far into Roman territory as that part of the Mediterranean which is called the Arm of St. George. They have seized more and more of the lands of the Christians, have already defeated them in seven times as many battles, killed or captured many people, have destroyed churches, and have devastated the kingdom of God. If you allow them to continue much longer they will conquer God’s faithful people much more extensively. “Wherefore with earnest prayer I, not I, but God exhorts you as heralds of Christ to repeatedly urge men of all ranks whatsoever, knights as well as foot-soldiers, rich and poor, to hasten to exterminate this vile race from our lands and to aid the Christian inhabitants in time. “I address those present; I proclaim it to those absent; moreover Christ commands it. For all those going thither there will be remission of sins if they come to the end of this fettered life while either marching by land or crossing by sea, or in fighting the pagans. This I grant to all who go, through the power vested in me by God. “Oh what a disgrace if a race so despicable, degenerate, and enslaved by demons should thus overcome a people endowed with faith in Almighty God and resplendent in the name of Christ! Oh what reproaches will be charged against you by the Lord Himself if you have not helped those who are counted like yourselves of the Christian faith! “Let those,” he said, “who are accustomed to wantonly wage private war against the faithful march upon the infidels in a war which should be begun now and be finished in victory. Let those who have long been robbers now be soldiers of Christ. Let those who once fought against brothers and relatives now rightfully fight against barbarians. Let those who have been hirelings for a few pieces of silver [Matt. 27:3] now attain an eternal reward. Let those who have been exhausting themselves to the detriment of body and soul now labor for a double glory. Yea on the one hand will be the sad and the poor, on the other the joyous and the wealthy; here the enemies of the Lord, there His friends. “Let nothing delay those who are going to go. Let them settle their affairs, collect money, and when winter has ended and spring has come, zealously undertake the journey under the guidance of the Lord.” A Muslim View of the Franks ZAKARIYa AL-QAZWINI, From Monuments of the Lands: An Islamic View of the West (1275–1276) Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283), born in Persia, served as a professor of Islamic law and cultivated interests in astronomy and geography. A prolific writer, he is best known for two works: Wonders of the Created Things and Monuments of the Lands (Athar al-bilad). Monuments is a geographic text compiled from other sources, which suggests that al-Qazwini did not actually visit many of the peoples and places that he writes about. In this passage, he describes “Frank-land,” as the Muslims called western Europe, in the aftermath of the Crusades. Source: Zakariya al-Qazwini, Islam from the Prophet Muhammed to the Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. Bernard Lewis, vol. 2: Religion and Society (New York: Walker, 1987), 123. Frank-land, a mighty land and a broad kingdom in the realms of the Christians. Its cold is very great, and its air is thick because of the extreme cold. It is full of good things and fruits and crops, rich in rivers, plentiful of produce, possessing tillage and cattle, trees and honey. There is a wide variety of game there and also silver mines. They forge very sharp swords there, and the swords of Frank-land are keener than the swords of India. Its people are Christians, and they have a king possessing courage, great numbers, and power to rule. He has two or three cities on the shore of the sea on this side,1 in the midst of the lands of Islam, and he protects them from his side. Whenever the Muslims send forces to them to capture them, he sends forces from his side to defend them. His soldiers are of mighty courage and in the hour of combat do not even think of flight, rather preferring death. But you shall see none more filthy than they. They are a people of perfidy and mean character. They do not cleanse or bathe themselves more than once or twice a year, and then in cold water, and they do not wash their garments from the time they put them on until they fall to pieces. They shave their beards, and after shaving they sprout only a revolting stubble. One of them was asked as to the shaving of the beard, and he said, “Hair is a superfluity. You remove it from your private parts, so why should we leave it on our faces?” Answer the following questions 1 through 7 in a Word document (following MLA guidelines). In order to receive credit for this assignment, post a response that is at least 150 words in length. 1) According to Fulcher, what was the political situation in Europe and the Middle East in the years before 1095 CE? Cite specific evidence from the documents. 2) What implicit explanation does he offer for the pope’s decision to convene a council at Clermont? Cite specific evidence from the documents. 3) How did the pope describe the Muslim Turks? What connection did he make between this characterization and the necessity of a crusade? 4) Given the fact that events in the Holy Land posed no direct threat to western Europe, what motives likely lay behind the pope’s call for a crusade? Why did so many European elites heed his call? 5) How does al-Qazwini describe the Frankish lands? How does he describe the Frankish people? Cite specific evidence from the documents. 6) What light does al-Qazwini’s description of the Franks shed on Muslim views of the Crusades? 7) How might al-Qazwini have characterized the Crusades? As a mighty clash of cultures or as a footnote to the larger history of the Islamic world? Explain your reasoning.
