reflection paper
Transgender Children & Youth-reflection paper
Introduction to Psychology
Human Development
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Debates in Development
Nature or nurture?
Continuous or stages?
Stability or change?
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Domains of Development
Physical
Language
Cognitive
Social/Emotional
Gender and Sexuality
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Genetics
Chromosome
DNA
Genes
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Prenatal Development
Zygote
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Embryo
Fetus
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Teratogens
Alcohol
Tobacco
Other drugs – OTC, prescription, illegal
Radiation
Pollution
Infectious diseases
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Newborns
Reflexes
Temperament differences
Early recognition of mom
Preference for human faces
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY
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Physical Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
Rapid neural growth, then pruning
Motor development: gross and fine
http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html
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Language Development
Crying and cooing
Babbling
Single words
Two-word telegraphic speech
Language Development
Universal grammar
Language acquisition device (Noam Chomsky)
Critical period
Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Stages
Concrete Operational (7-11)
-Conservation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815o
-Theory of mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hLubgpY2_w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDJ0qJTLohM
Formal Operational (12+)
-Abstract logic
-Reasoning
Sensorimotor (0-2)
-Stranger anxiety
-Object permanence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVqJacvywAQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jW668F7HdA
Preoperational (2-6)
-Egocentric thinking
-Pretend play
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Cognitive Development: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
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Knowledge is socially transmitted (scaffolding, cooperative learning)
Zone of Proximal Development
Learning can lead to development
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Social & Emotional Development: Attachment Theory
Harry Harlow
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O60TYAIgC4
Social & Emotional Development: Attachment Theory
John Bowlby:
Safe base
Stranger wariness and separation anxiety
Emotional referencing
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Attachment Theory: Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Attachment Styles:
Secure
Insecure – Avoidant
Insecure – Anxious/ Ambivalent/Resistant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QquZxJhuSg8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGRT6VjnTm8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rdrp-0GLzws
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSAPfiSw_Ic
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Parenting Styles
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Moral Development
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Goals for Moral Education
Recognizing and regulating emotions
Developing empathy
Controlling impulses
Delaying gratification
Psychosocial Development: Erik Erikson
0-18 months Trust v. Mistrust
18 mths-3 yrs Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
3-5 years Initiative v. Guilt
5-12 years Industry v. Inferiority
Adolescence Identity v. Role Confusion
Young Adulthood Intimacy v. Isolation
Middle Adulthood Generativity v. Stagnation
Older Adulthood Ego Integrity v. Despair
Further concepts in social & cognitive development
Adolescence
The benefits and drawbacks of an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex
Early adulthood
Emerging adulthood
Middle adulthood
Social clock
Late adulthood
Crystallized versus fluid intelligence
Sex, gender, & sexuality
Sex
XX or XY
Physical, behavioral differences
Gender
Gender identity
Gender roles
Gender expression
Sexual orientation
Sex – male, female or intersex; biological markers include sex chromosomes, genitalia, internal reproductive organs
Gender identity – when it is not consistent with biological sex, a person may identify as transgender
Gender expression – may or may not be consistent with society’s gender roles or with one’s gender identity
Sexual orientation – gay, straight, bisexual; some research indicates that sexual orientation may be on a continuum and that it may be fluid, especially in women.
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Transgender Children & Youth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxzKlPVceWg
In The Life Media presents “Becoming Me”
In the Life Media’s “Becoming Me” (27 min.)
Gender dysphoria is still in the DSM.
Puberty blockers? Have to be started in childhood. Fully reversible. Won’t work if taken later.
Zucker, in Atlantic Monthly article “A Boy’s Life,” counsels kids to be comfortable in own skin, but many of his “cured” kids are quite troubled.
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